A number of cases exist where states or other entities have multiple capitals, and there are also several states that have no capital. In others, the "effective" and "official" capital may differ for pragmatic reasons, resulting in a situation where a city known as "the capital" is not, in fact, host to the seat of government. Likewise, occasionally the official "capital" as called may be host to the seat of government, but is not always the geographic origin of political decision-making.
* Former British protectorate of Bechuanaland, today Botswana, was administered from Mafeking (now Mafikeng, South Africa), creating a unique situation of the capital of the territory being located outside of it.
* Bolivia: Sucre is still the constitutional capital, but most of the national government long abandoned that region for La Paz.
* Chile: Santiago is the capital even though the National Congress of Chile is in Valparaíso.
* Côte d'Ivoire: Yamoussoukro was designated the national capital in 1983, but most government offices and embassies are still located in Abidjan.
* European Union: Brussels, Belgium is generally treated as the 'capital' of the European Union, and the two institutions of the EU's executive, the European Commission and the Council of Ministers, both have their seats there. However, a protocol attached to the Treaty of Amsterdam requires that the European Parliament have monthly sessions in Strasbourg, France. Financial and legal centres are also located outside of Brussels. However, the EU is not a country, and hence calling any city the capital may be disputed.
* In Germany, the executive and legislative capital is Berlin, although a portion of various ministerial back offices are located in the former West German capital of Bonn. The judicial branch of the government is divided between Karlsruhe and Leipzig.
* Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur is the constitutional capital but the federal administrative centre was moved 30 kilometres south to Putrajaya in the late 1990s. The parliament remains in Kuala Lumpur.
* Montenegro: Cetinje is the constitutional capital, but much greater Podgorica is the administrative centre.
* Nauru: Nauru, a tiny country of only 21 square kilometres (8 sq mi), has no distinct capital city, and thus has a capital district instead.
* The Netherlands: Amsterdam is the constitutional national capital even though the Dutch government, parliament, supreme court and the residential palace of the queen are all located in The Hague. (For more details see: Capital of the Netherlands).
* In South Africa, the administrative capital is Pretoria, the legislative capital is Cape Town, and the judicial capital is Bloemfontein, the outcome of the compromise that created the Union of South Africa in 1910.
* Switzerland: The city of Bern serves as de facto capital of Switzerland ("Federal City"), however, the Swiss Supreme Court is located in Lausanne.
* In the United Kingdom the seat of government is located in the City of Westminster immediately to the west of the City of London. No royal palaces are located in the City of London, the main royal residence being Buckingham Palace which is in the City of Westminster while the Tower of London is just outwith the eastern boundary of the City of London and has not been used as a royal residence for several hundred years. The locations of various courts of the judicial systems of the UK have no direct ties with the coincident towns or cities, the highest level courts and their administrative offices merely having settled within a convenient distance of the legislatures and (in the case of England) not all within the same local government area.
* City-states like Singapore have no capital city distinct from the country as a whole.
Source of information is wikipedia